![]() ![]() Altogether, a declining HA effect was found in Portuguese football in recent years. In the professional league, the HA was significantly lower (58.31%) than in amateur and semi-professional competitive levels (60.36 and 60.46%, respectively). One-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of competitive level on HA (p <. ![]() The mean values of HA were significantly greater than 50% in all levels of Portuguese football (p <. HA was quantified each season for each league as the number of points won at home expressed as a percentage of all points won at home and away. Archival data from 32,400 matches contested in the three levels of competition over 11 seasons (from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016) were analysed. This study aimed to examine the influence of level of competition (amateur, semi-professional and professional) on the magnitude of home advantage (HA) in Portuguese football, and to verify whether
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